PRAYOGX Learn · Classes 9–12
Chapter 8

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

24 videos · 24 topics in the plan

Start with: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Chapter Introduction

Topics in this chapter

  1. 1Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Chapter IntroductionVanilla, cinnamon, vinegar and nail-polish remover share one secret: the carbonyl group, C=O. What sits on the carbonyl carbon makes an aldehyde, a ketone or a carboxylic acid, and what this chapter will cover. Watch
  2. 2The Carbonyl Group: Structure and PolarityWhy the carbon of C=O is every nucleophile's target: an sp², planar carbon, a π bond from sideways p–p overlap, and a polar C=O with δ⁺ carbon and δ⁻ oxygen, explained by resonance. Watch
  3. 3Aldehyde or Ketone? Structure and IUPAC NamesMethanal and propanone both have C=O, yet one is an aldehyde and one a ketone. Where the C=O sits decides it, and the names follow: -al for aldehydes, -one for ketones, plus the common names. Watch
  4. 4Making Aldehydes and Ketones: Methods and Named ReactionsFour routes make both aldehydes and ketones (from alcohols, alkenes and alkynes); named reactions make only one: Rosenmund, Stephen, Etard and Gatterman-Koch for aldehydes; Grignard on nitriles, dialkylcadmium and Friedel-Crafts acylation for ketones. Watch
  5. 5Same Weight, 0 °C vs 97 °C: Physical Properties of Aldehydes and KetonesFive compounds of the same mass boil from 0 °C to 97 °C. Aldehydes and ketones sit in the middle: their polar C=O gives dipole-dipole attraction, but with no O–H they cannot hydrogen-bond with each other. Water can hydrogen-bond to the C=O oxygen, so small aldehydes and ketones mix with water while long chains do not. Watch
  6. 6Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl GroupMost reactions of aldehydes and ketones begin with one move. How a nucleophile attacks the polar C=O, and why aldehydes react faster than ketones. Watch
  7. 7Aldehyde vs Ketone: Why Aldehydes React FasterBoth have the same C=O, yet a nucleophile attacks an aldehyde faster. Two reasons: alkyl groups push electrons (+I) and lower the carbonyl carbon's δ+, and a ketone's two groups crowd the path to it. So HCHO > CH₃CHO > CH₃COCH₃. Watch
  8. 8Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: One Carbonyl, Five PathwaysEvery nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones in one place: HCN, NaHSO₃, Grignard reagents, alcohols, and the addition–elimination of ammonia derivatives, with the product each one gives. Watch
  9. 9Reducing and Oxidising Aldehydes and KetonesReduction is easy for both aldehydes and ketones, but in oxidation the aldehyde reacts at once and the ketone resists. The reason is one H atom. Watch
  10. 10Tollens' and Fehling's TestsWarm a clear liquid and a mirror forms in the test tube. How Tollens' and Fehling's tests tell aldehydes from ketones. Watch
  11. 11The Haloform Reaction: Iodoform TestYellow crystals with a hospital smell reveal the CH₃CO group. How the iodoform test works and which compounds pass it. Watch
  12. 12Aldol Condensation: The Alpha Hydrogen KeyTwo small ethanal molecules join into one bigger molecule. How the alpha hydrogen makes it happen, and which compounds cannot do it. Watch
  13. 13The Cannizzaro ReactionTwo identical aldehyde molecules, two different products. How an aldehyde with no α-hydrogen, in concentrated alkali, is oxidised and reduced in the same reaction. Watch
  14. 14Aldehyde or Ketone? The Distinguishing TestsTwo colourless compounds, both with C=O. How Tollens', Fehling's and the iodoform test tell an aldehyde from a ketone, and why they work. Watch
  15. 15Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones: From Formalin to VanillaWhere aldehydes and ketones turn up in daily life: formalin and Bakelite from formaldehyde, acetic acid from acetaldehyde, acetone as a solvent, and vanillin, cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde as smells and flavours, each explained from its C=O group. Watch
  16. 16The Carboxyl Group: Structure and NamingWhat –COOH really is: a carbonyl and a hydroxyl on one sp² carbon, joined by resonance that makes the carbon less electrophilic than in aldehydes; and how carboxylic acids get their common and IUPAC names. Watch
  17. 17Preparing Carboxylic Acids: Four RoutesFour ways to make a carboxylic acid: oxidising primary alcohols and aldehydes, oxidising alkylbenzenes, hydrolysing nitriles and esters, and adding a Grignard reagent to dry ice, which adds one carbon (mechanism with curved arrows). Watch
  18. 18Why Carboxylic Acids Boil So High: Hydrogen-Bonded DimersFour molecules of about the same mass boil from 0 °C to 118 °C. Carboxylic acids win because two hydrogen bonds join them into dimers that survive even in the vapour; the same dimers double acetic acid's measured molar mass in benzene. Watch
  19. 19Why Carboxylic Acids Are Acidic: Resonance and SubstituentsWhy vinegar fizzes with baking soda: the carboxylate ion shares its charge equally between two oxygens (resonance, arrow by arrow), which makes carboxylic acids stronger than phenols and alcohols; electron-withdrawing groups such as chlorine make them stronger still. Watch
  20. 20Esterification and the C–OH Swap: Esters, Acid Chlorides, Anhydrides, AmidesFruity esters from an acid and an alcohol, with the acid-catalysed mechanism drawn arrow by arrow, and three more ways to replace the –OH of –COOH: acid chlorides (best with SOCl₂), anhydrides and amides. Watch
  21. 21Losing CO₂: Decarboxylation, Kolbe Electrolysis and ReductionHow the –COOH group itself changes: soda lime removes it as CO₂ (one carbon less), Kolbe electrolysis joins two alkyl groups, and LiAlH₄ or diborane reduces it to a primary alcohol, while NaBH₄ cannot. Watch
  22. 22HVZ Reaction and Why Benzoic Acid Goes MetaTwo places a carboxylic acid can be substituted: the α-carbon (HVZ: X₂ and red phosphorus, then water) and the benzene ring of an aromatic acid, where –COOH is deactivating and meta-directing and blocks Friedel-Crafts reactions. Watch
  23. 23Vinegar to Nylon: Uses of Carboxylic AcidsWhere carboxylic acids are used: formic acid in industry, acetic acid as a solvent and vinegar, adipic acid for nylon-6,6 through amide links, sodium benzoate as a food preservative, fatty-acid salts as soap, and aspirin as a medicine. Watch
  24. 24Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: The Whole Chapter in One MinuteThe chapter in one place: the polar, planar C=O group; how aldehydes and ketones are made; nucleophilic addition; aldol and Cannizzaro; Tollens' and Fehling's tests; and why carboxylic acids are acidic. Watch

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